One of the most important rules that has been accepted in whole legal systems, is irrevocability of contracts whose the most clearest conclusion consists in the complete fulfilment of any contract by parties to it. Sometimes although the contract is absolutely valid and in force and the obligations there are applicable, the obligator does not fulfill his/her obligations without any justified excuse and deprive the other party of the benefits of the contracts. So every legal system on the basis of its theorical bases introduce some methods for requiring the refusing obligator in order to protect the obligee contractual rights. One of the significant ways and sanctions which have been considered and applied in some national legal systems is called fine. But there are, in addition to it, another ways for requiring the contract parties for example collateral and Punitive damages. The aim of Punitive damages is requiring the refusing obligator but the aim of collateral is determination of contractual liability or determination of violation damage or requiring the refusing obligator. In addition the base of Punitive damages comes from public order but in collateral, it comes from meeting of minds. Anyway, in this article, after introducing these ways perfectly, we will compare them.

In contract law, especially in trade law and more particularly international trade, due fulfillment of contractual obligations is the most important issue. So the greatest concern of traders is non-fulfillment of obligations. Hence a lot of rules have been laid down for breach of contract. As a result of breach of obligation by a merchant a chain of merchants linked by intertwined transactions might see themselves unable to fulfill their promises and the ensuing situation undermines economic public order. On this basis the mechanism of Specific Performance has been established in many legal systems. Although Specific Performance after a breach may sometimes be considered as fulfillment of contracts, Specific Performance cannot be considered a true interpretation of the principle of pacta sunt servand. Additionally todays, the theory of Specific Performance has no due function. So we should interpret" the necessity of contracts principle "as necessity of meeting of reasonable expectations at the conclusion of contract and the right of promise to choose avoidance, damages and Specific Performance.

The lack of a futsal Specific test to evaluate the Performance (aerobic and anaerobic) of futsal players is quite evident. The purpose of this study was to design and measure the validity and reliability of a Specific Performance evaluation test for futsal players. 84 male students who members of the university futsal team volunteered to participate in this study (age: 22 ± 2. 04 years, BMI: 22. 3± 2. 06 kg/m2). To design the test, the most important futsal techniques and drills were identified based on scientific literature, opinions of coaches, and conditioning and exercise physiology experts. In the end, dribbling, passing, shooting, ball control, jumping, speed running, backward and sideways running were selected, so that the movement pattern was similar to a real futsal game. Then, these selected skills and drills were designed in a tandem and along the route. To categorize the players and evaluate their Performance, three coaches were asked to score the subjects from 0 to 100 in three different official games. In order to predict the Performance by using each item of the test and total score of the test, multiple and simple regression equations were used, respectively. Validity and reliability of the test were calculated by the use of Spearman correlation coefficient and ICC, respectively. The results showed that there is a negative and significant correlation between coaches scores and the test record (r=0. 91, P<0. 05). Also, multiple linear regression equation showed that almost all tests drills are valid predictors of final record. Test-retest reliability showed high stability between result of the test. In conclusion, the new test has a high validity and reliability to evaluate the Performance of futsal players and can be used by coaches and teachers.

Introduction: Disorders in the expression of any gene effective in spermatogenic pathway is known as a probable cause of non-obstructive azoospermia and male infertility. The way responsible genes for sperm motility are expressed can considerably affect male fertility. Recent studies show that TSGA10 gene is effective in the natural process of spermatogenesis as protein produced by this gene in mouse results in the production of the main structure of sperm tail. Up to now, no comprehensive studies have been done on the way this gene is expressed in the infertile's testical tissue.Materials & Methods: In this study, TSGA10 mRNA expression in testicular samples of 84 patients with non-obstructive azoospermia was investigated by semi-quantitative nested RT-PCR in Avesina Infertility Clinic during 2005-6. Moreover, expression levels of TSGA10 during spermatogenesis were evaluated using Johnsen's method for histopathologic scoring of the samples. For statistical analysis, SPSS software (Version 11.2) was used. The difference between gene expressions was done based on quantitative variables by the use of t-test and covariance analysis and α<0.05 was regarded as a statistically significant value.Results: Testicular TSGA10 mRNA expression was observed in 31 patients, (36.9%), with non-obstructive azoospermia which it had a statistically significant correlation with spermatogenesis progress (p<000.0). Histopathologically, the gene had been expressed in patients with higher Johnsen's score of spermatogenesis while a lack of expression was seen in all of those with Johnsen's score less than 4.5.Conclusion: The findings indicate that TSGA10 is expressed in human testis and it is restricted to germ cells. It seems that lack of TSGA10 expression may have negative effects on spermatogenesis and on male fertility. On the other hand, determination of the timing of gene expression in a certain level of spermatogenesis may also be used to determine levels of spermatogenesis in azoospermic patients alongside histopathological findings.

This study is an empirical research that examines the firm-Specific factors that affect the export Performance of SMEs in Iran. The statistical population includes active exporter manufacturing firms based on the census of the Statistical Center of Iran. Due to missing data, 1169 manufacturing firms were selected as the final sample of this study. Pearson correlation coefficient and hierarchical multivariate regression methods were used to analyze the data. The results suggest that smaller, privately owned companies have better export Performance. Also, the level of technology and capital intensity do not affect the export Performance of small and medium-sized businesses. The findings of the research indicate the effect of staff skills and their degree of education on export Performance. Research and development (R&D) and product diversity also have an effect on export Performance. The results show that manufacturing companies with a few numbers of products have better Performance in export.

Nowadays through the bulky extent of body allegations to each other in the courts, make legal systems confronting with many problems, like much longevity of cases prosecution, pay attention to some substitutionary options instead of formal courts procedures. As example can indicate, is amiable resolutions which today, more or less, use to being utilized. In the way, the most important to notify, is courts roles in encouraging of parties to compromise with each other completely or partially through the amiable resolutions, out of engaging courts time. The present contribution by the prospect presented, after conceptualizing the amiable resolutions, tries to outlines courts roles in encouraging of parties in triangular legal systems; common law, civil law and Islamic Iranian law. As the contribution conclusion, it would be so amazing to know that all these triangular legal systems by their basic rules have been paying attention, much more than can be imagined, to the judge roles in encouraging parties to amiable resolutions. However, through the vacuum of Iran civil procedure law in the present case, although, in presence of some other laws indicating the matter like; criminal procedure law & family law, Iranian today judges through the lack of acknowledgement because of civil procedure law vagueness, have no colorful role in the indicated field that is necessary to be reformed.

Every obligation necessarily involves Performance, so there is a liability for its Performance which according to it the beneficiary can reprimand the obligor. In law every obligation has its own sanction. One group of obligations is among contractual obligatiom. "Compelling to Perform Obligatiom" is one of the sanctions; however this sanction does not have the same value in all legal systems. According to this sanction when the obligation is breached and when the compensation doesnot cover the loss or injury, the other party has right to compel the obliger to do his/her obligations.In French legal system the principal of contract Performance have been accepted, and therefore the injured party has two rights: i) resorting to the Specific Performance; and ii) dissolving the contract and receiving compensation. In French law the oblique’s expectation-that the contractual obligation ought to be performed normally-is approved, so the basic rule ought to be executed naturally. But in British & American legal systems, Specific Performance principle has not been accepted as a basic rule, unless in the cave of cash money obligation. This remedy is approved as a equitable remedy when the compensation does not cover the loss; and the basic rule for applying the Specific Performance is "insufficiency of compensation". However, the Specific Performance is awarded by the courts on special circumstances and occasions.In Iranian legal system, like French Law, the Specific Performance is accepted and the obligee can resort to this remedy, otherwise have be can dissolve the contract and receive the compensation.Because of the expansion of transactions throughout the world, determining remedies for breach of contract is an important necessity of our times. In fact international trade doesnot have remedies (or sanctions), and parties of international contract resort to Civil Law remedies and sanctions if necessary.